Методические указания по обучению студентов технических университетов чтению научной литературы на английском языке по специальности «Управление производством»

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  From a process-related perspective, an organization is viewed as an entity being (re-)organized, and the focus is on the organization as a set of tasks or actions.
  
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  From a functional perspective, the focus is on how entities like businesses or state authorities are used.
  
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  From an institutional perspective, an organization is viewed as a purposeful structure within a social context.
  

Let’s consider Pyramids and matrix organisations. A hierarchy exemplifies an arrangement with a leader who leads other individual members of the organization. This arrangement is often associated with bureaucracy.

Matrix organization assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. Projects might be organized by products, regions, customer types, or some other schema.